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so with the third annual international

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space station research and development

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conference four awards were given out

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for the most compelling international

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space station science projects of 2013.

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here to tell us more is the chief

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program scientist for nasa's

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international space station program

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julie robinson now the first one i want

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to talk about went to carl carruthers of

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nanoracks llc for his work and

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nanorack's work on protein crystal

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growth start off protein crystals

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huge huge

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experiment for microgravity research on

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the station first off give us a little

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more background about why those are such

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a big deal

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so people are interested in growing

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crystals on the space station because

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those crystals without having

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sedimentation and convection flow

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moving through the system they

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crystallize more slowly and there's time

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for all the molecules to line up and get

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a more perfectly structured crystal now

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of course that depends on if you get the

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conditions right

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and that's what is so innovative about

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carruther's work with nanoracks so what

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nanoracks did they are a commercial

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company they are using or facilitating

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researchers to use the iss

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hundreds of researchers they worked with

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and what they did is they worked with

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carruthers to develop

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some something we sometimes call a

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crystal hotel it's a on the ground piece

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of software that they adapted for use in

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space flight in this nanorack system so

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it's very low cost and the thing that's

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great about it is it supports

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thousands of different experiment

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conditions all at the same time so

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instead of trying to get it perfectly

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right on earth you can screen with a lot

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of different conditions and run

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thousands of samples and get a good

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quality crystal and what carruthers

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showed is from the very first flight of

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this new crystal system that he got good

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research results okay and what are some

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of the benefits that some of the

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experiments taking advantage of this new

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system could potentially lead to so

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there are

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thousands of proteins in the world where

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we've identified that that protein is

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important in a disease of some sort but

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we don't know what the protein looks

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like structurally if you know the shape

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of the protein you might be able to

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design a drug to interfere with it or

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assist it or do something else if you

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know that protein matters you've got to

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have the shape or that structure and so

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in getting a good crystal then you can

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use either x-ray crystallography or

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other kinds of neutron techniques to get

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the structure of the protein there's a

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center for biomolecular structure at the

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national institutes of health that has a

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list of all the desirable proteins that

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we don't have structures for yet

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and then also pharmaceutical companies

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many of whom are working on different

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drug development pathways will have

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certain molecules that they want to

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understand and so this nanoracks

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innovation provides the opportunity for

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companies like that to very quickly try

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something on the space station and see

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if that would be an opportunity for them

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to make an advance was there any other

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aspect of nanorack's

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new initiative that led you guys to give

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them this award

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you know what we were excited about was

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just the cost effectiveness and the

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number of samples that you could get and

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the fact that they proved that that

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a number of those crystals really were

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of very good quality so it's an

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encouraging technological improvement

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there are other

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protein crystal growth studies flying

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this year that will also help us to

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finally answer that question can you

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really get better proteins in space and

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so we'll be looking that pretty

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comprehensively and then let's move on

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to our next one and this award went to

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nabaroon chakraborty with the u.s army

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center for environmental health research

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and it was his award was for research

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being done into how microgravity affects

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host immune systems now first off again

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give me a little bit more background on

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this project and what led you guys to

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get this award and why it was so

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compelling yeah so dr

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chakraborty's research over the years

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has used space flight several times and

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it's really been focused on

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understanding the processes of wound

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healing at the cellular level you know

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when you have a cut in your skin those

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epidermal cells they have to have their

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stem cells there that have to make new

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skin to cover it back over and that's

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what wound healing is

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and um

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i you know it's it's a very important

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process we kind of take it for granted

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you know you cut yourself and you put a

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band-aid on it and then it's magically

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better in a couple weeks i learned

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recently in a personal level why not to

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take that for granted because

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we have a i have a family member that

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has diabetes and one of the things that

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happens in diabetics sometimes is they

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get poor circulation in their feet and

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then wounds don't heal and so she got a

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cut on her foot that couldn't heal and

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couldn't heal and she had to get special

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medical attention and all of those

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things

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so

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one of the in understanding what are the

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factors that turn on these stem cells

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that lead to that interaction how is the

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immune system part of that right because

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the immune system is going there sending

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white blood cells to make sure the

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infection doesn't occur how does that

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whole system in the body work and that

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was the subject of dr chakraborty's

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research okay and i know that there are

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some challenges doing similar research

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here down on the earth in the presence

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of gravity why is the work being done in

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orbit in microgravity on the station of

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particular importance yeah so it's

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interesting that microgravity might be a

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good model for wound healing what's been

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found so far is that wound healing seems

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to be slowed in microgravity and so you

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can use that to then see

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if you can pump up the process speed it

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up even in a cell culture if you have if

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you know what you would expect that

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culture to do on earth and you can make

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it perform wound healing like functions

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more quickly in space that's a good

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model

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okay and what's some of the work that

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might be coming out in the future as a

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result of dr chakraborty's research

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experiment uh well there is future

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research that we're expecting that is

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using more complex model organisms to

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understand wound healing better we also

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expect to see more cell biology studies

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in the future

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now we're going to move on to another

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research study that was looking at the

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human body and how it works in space it

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was worked on integrated cardiovascular

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so again real quick give us a quick

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background on what integrated

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cardiovascular or icv is that pretty

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large team did almost three years of

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research on the international space

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station looking at the function of the

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human heart

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we know that just based on the fitness

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levels of astronauts we knew their

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hearts were changing when they went into

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space but this was the first time we'd

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really looked at both the physical shape

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and structure of the heart as well as at

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its performance the other thing we knew

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before this study began is we knew there

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had been a couple observations of kind

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of scary arrhythmias and so we were

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concerned that if that was normal if

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that was something that happened to a

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lot of astronauts that could be a

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significant risk for spaceflight or

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significant risk for spacewalks as well

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and we didn't have the kinds of

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arrhythmias we needed pretty

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sophisticated halter monitors to get

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those measurements so all of that was

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wrapped up together in a study called

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integrated cardiovascular now you see

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why it's integrated

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and it took about

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there were 13 subjects

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on the iss that took over two years to

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get all of those subjects accumulated

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together and the results are just

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starting now to come out and they were

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really exciting and so that's why this

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team was selected for the award okay and

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what are some of those exciting results

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we're seeing i know we've learned a lot

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more about the mechanism of the heart

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atrophying or kind of weakening in

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microgravity what are some of the

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results that we found yeah so one of the

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things that that the investigators saw

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is of course the heart got smaller

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because it wasn't working very hard you

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know on earth your heart really has to

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work to pump that blood out of your legs

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and keep it up in your head where your

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brain gets it in space everything's

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floating around kind of equally and so

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it's that's not such a problem and so

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that wasn't a surprising result i was a

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little more surprised to hear that the

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heart becomes more spherically shaped as

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it shrinks so this

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and even the investigators even showed a

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picture of the grinch um in in their

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charts because it kind of helps capture

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that it's smaller more and more round as

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what the structural changes are but they

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also found when the crew members

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returned to earth it responded very

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rapidly at rebuilding that mass when it

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was necessary so this was this is

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healthy when you think about it a muscle

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that's not used gets smaller get

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atrophies a little bit when you start

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using that muscle again you get back in

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shape and it grows again and so so that

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really was quite comforting that um when

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a crew member say gets done with a mars

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transit their heart may have shrunk a

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little bit but when they start doing

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more rigorous uh spacewalks out on the

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mars surface in a 300 pound pack their

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heart's going to respond to that just

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give them a few days to train into it

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don't make them do it all the first day

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and and their heart will recover as a

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good muscle

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the other thing that was really

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important from the study was the data on

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arrhythmias

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and uh what what they found was that if

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crew members tended to skip a beat here

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or there on earth they tended to skip a

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beat here or there in space so there

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wasn't a huge difference there wasn't a

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difference and so that makes us really

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comfortable because that lets us know

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that

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whatever we're seeing in the regular

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health monitoring of crew members on

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earth is what it's going to be

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the thing that surprised me most

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in the charts that that

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that were presented were some examples

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of the benefits back here on earth

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because this was a study that was

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selected completely for exploration

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purposes

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but

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the data that they got

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is they applied then to a set of

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patients who have a really rare

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abnormality these are patients who have

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been

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star athletes really significant

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athletes they showed examples of ballet

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dancers marathon runners people who have

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been trained up to a really high level

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of fitness and occasionally when those

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people retire from their sport their

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heart atrophy significantly gets really

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really small and they become almost

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debilitated unable to

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walk

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sit up he gave an example of a ballet

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dancer who after she stopped dancing was

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bound to a wheelchair couldn't even sit

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up without passing out and getting

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really dizzy and things like that

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because her heart it's like it

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undercompen overcompensated on shrinking

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down or something like that and not

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having those rigorous activities it's

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incredibly rare but but he said you know

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there are numerous patients around the

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country that are suffering from that and

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what they were able to do was use the

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model that they built for the astronauts

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heart recovery

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and realized that the exercise

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techniques that we're using to help

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astronauts recover and grow their heart

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volume back up might work for these

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patients and they had great success all

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right well let's move on to our last one

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our fourth compelling science result and

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this went to matthew lynch procter

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gamble and this my personal favorite as

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always colloids advanced colloids

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experiment which has a huge huge impact

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on consumer products right now first off

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what are colloids and how

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how do they have such a huge impact in

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you know everyday household products

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yeah so colloids sound high tech but

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what they really are is any kind of a

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solid mixed in a liquid matrix and so we

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use them constantly

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detergents paints

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fabric softener

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liquid medicines are often

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a colloid where you've got some kind of

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maybe a gel substance mixed in a liquid

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matrix and so they're all over in our

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lives in fact

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procter gamble

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which is the company that has partnered

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with nasa in this particular research

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they have estimated that five million

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people touch their products every day or

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sorry five billion people so

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almost half the world touch their

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products some in some way every day some

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kind of product now i'm trying to get my

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head around that because that seems like

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a big number but that's what their

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marketing you know their marketing

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estimates are and when you think about

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how ubiquitous all the different

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products you know how many people wash

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clothes

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in the world every day and how many

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people

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do those different kinds of things so

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it's it's possible and so what dr lynch

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who's a research scientist with procter

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gamble has been doing for a number of

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years on the space station

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is using the space as a model for

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colloid separation and the reason he can

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study things there and not on the ground

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is because the colloids don't separate

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out and so you can get really simple

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mathematics that you can't do on the

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ground once you understand that

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mathematics you can put things back on

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the ground and model better ways to keep

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those colloids mixed

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and you know it's nice to have your

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say your fabric softener not separate

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so that when you put in your clothes you

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get the right amount but it could be

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critical even though this isn't a

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procter gamble product the application

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to something like a cough medicine where

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getting the wrong dose could really be

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harmful is is important and so it's it's

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exciting to see that work you know this

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fundamental physical measurements of

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things modeling of things actually have

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these applications in our daily lives

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and just

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real quick just some of the knowledge

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that we've gained from this and is it

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already being implemented you say we're

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finding these things out on such a small

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level what besides just shelf life will

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this have an impact so dr lynch reported

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it has already affected the formulation

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of a number of different products um the

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work that they've done on the space

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station to date and that he's

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00:13:01,430 --> 00:13:00,399
anticipating some of his new results

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00:13:03,030 --> 00:13:01,440
will be

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in consumer products in the very near

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00:13:07,110 --> 00:13:05,600
future so julie aside from these four

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compelling research awards that got

401
00:13:11,509 --> 00:13:09,440
handed out at the r d conference sam

402
00:13:13,670 --> 00:13:11,519
ting who does all the work with the

403
00:13:15,750 --> 00:13:13,680
alpha magnetic spectrometer gave a

404
00:13:17,590 --> 00:13:15,760
presentation and you found that

405
00:13:19,350 --> 00:13:17,600
particularly compelling also why don't

406
00:13:21,110 --> 00:13:19,360
you tell us a little bit about what what

407
00:13:23,030 --> 00:13:21,120
happens whenever a nobel prize winner

408
00:13:23,750 --> 00:13:23,040
comes and presents at a conference it's

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it's

410
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usually by definition a big deal

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and of course dr ting has been doing

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research on the space station since 2011

413
00:13:35,670 --> 00:13:33,519
on the alpha magnetic spectrometer it's

414
00:13:38,710 --> 00:13:35,680
essentially a giant magnet and particle

415
00:13:40,550 --> 00:13:38,720
detector and it's measuring galactic

416
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cosmic rays those are radioactive

417
00:13:44,790 --> 00:13:42,800
particles essentially that have come all

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the way back from the big bang and they

419
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arrive and they're registered on this

420
00:13:50,949 --> 00:13:49,279
detector he can measure the energy the

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00:13:52,389 --> 00:13:50,959
mass of the particle in the direction

422
00:13:54,949 --> 00:13:52,399
it's coming from

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so far they've collected over 50 billion

424
00:13:59,590 --> 00:13:57,360
observations of galactic cosmic rays

425
00:14:00,710 --> 00:13:59,600
each one of them a data point with that

426
00:14:03,030 --> 00:14:00,720
information

427
00:14:05,110 --> 00:14:03,040
and what that's allowing is that's

428
00:14:07,590 --> 00:14:05,120
allowing more and more data to

429
00:14:09,750 --> 00:14:07,600
accumulate on the rare particles

430
00:14:12,949 --> 00:14:09,760
so what he presented last week in

431
00:14:15,590 --> 00:14:12,959
chicago was the first

432
00:14:17,509 --> 00:14:15,600
data he's ever shared in the higher

433
00:14:19,590 --> 00:14:17,519
energy range than has ever been measured

434
00:14:22,230 --> 00:14:19,600
by any other instruments in the past he

435
00:14:25,110 --> 00:14:22,240
had had presented data up to

436
00:14:28,069 --> 00:14:25,120
300 giga electron volts and last week he

437
00:14:29,670 --> 00:14:28,079
showed us data points up to 500 giga

438
00:14:31,750 --> 00:14:29,680
electron volts and so what's the

439
00:14:33,990 --> 00:14:31,760
significance when we start getting into

440
00:14:37,030 --> 00:14:34,000
these higher energy levels so these

441
00:14:39,350 --> 00:14:37,040
higher energy levels are less common

442
00:14:41,350 --> 00:14:39,360
and so it takes longer to know how

443
00:14:43,670 --> 00:14:41,360
accurate that estimate of its energy

444
00:14:46,069 --> 00:14:43,680
would be and so forth the other thing

445
00:14:48,470 --> 00:14:46,079
about them is those are the kinds of

446
00:14:49,670 --> 00:14:48,480
particles that you would expect if dark

447
00:14:51,110 --> 00:14:49,680
matter

448
00:14:54,069 --> 00:14:51,120
is interacting

449
00:14:56,470 --> 00:14:54,079
with itself in annihilating itself so so

450
00:14:58,069 --> 00:14:56,480
if you have two units of dark matter and

451
00:15:00,069 --> 00:14:58,079
they interact they'll annihilate each

452
00:15:02,470 --> 00:15:00,079
other and produce a positron and

453
00:15:04,949 --> 00:15:02,480
positrons are the particle that dr ting

454
00:15:07,350 --> 00:15:04,959
was reporting on last week so if you see

455
00:15:09,189 --> 00:15:07,360
a lot of high energy positrons if you

456
00:15:11,670 --> 00:15:09,199
see too many of them then that might

457
00:15:13,829 --> 00:15:11,680
indicate a normal kind of source like

458
00:15:16,310 --> 00:15:13,839
pulsar or something like that and if you

459
00:15:18,310 --> 00:15:16,320
see a medium amount that would suggest

460
00:15:19,910 --> 00:15:18,320
dark matter annihilation and if you see

461
00:15:21,670 --> 00:15:19,920
very very few then that would say our

462
00:15:25,110 --> 00:15:21,680
theory about dark matter is completely

463
00:15:27,590 --> 00:15:25,120
bogus um and so the data point that he

464
00:15:29,749 --> 00:15:27,600
showed last week was actually in between

465
00:15:33,110 --> 00:15:29,759
those two cases with a pretty big error

466
00:15:34,710 --> 00:15:33,120
bar so so it was almost a teaser rather

467
00:15:36,150 --> 00:15:34,720
you know it's not a result you just run

468
00:15:38,069 --> 00:15:36,160
to publish because it shows that he

469
00:15:38,949 --> 00:15:38,079
really needs to collect some additional

470
00:15:41,430 --> 00:15:38,959
data

471
00:15:43,509 --> 00:15:41,440
but it what's so exciting is to see that

472
00:15:45,829 --> 00:15:43,519
that energy 500 giga electron volts

473
00:15:47,990 --> 00:15:45,839
never observed by humankind before and

474
00:15:50,710 --> 00:15:48,000
that was the first presentation of it so

475
00:15:52,069 --> 00:15:50,720
50 billion readings wasn't enough

476
00:15:54,389 --> 00:15:52,079
how many more is he expecting probably

477
00:15:56,069 --> 00:15:54,399
needs 20 billion more at least